Waveform synthesizer with digitally controlled phase adjustment of output

ABSTRACT

A circuit arrangement for producing a composite waveform comprises a multiplexer controlled by a logic network for successively energizing a load with an aperiodic voltage from a switching circuit and one or more sine waves or other periodic voltages continuously produced by respective oscillation generators. The logic network includes a cycle counter stepped by a selected oscillation generator for terminating the transmission of its output voltage ater a preset number of cycles. An analog comparator, continuously receiving a d-c potential from a manually settable voltage source and a sawtooth voltage from each oscillation generator, emits an enabling pulse to the logic network upon detecting a coincidence between the sawtooth voltage of a selected generator and either the manually selected d-c potential or the sawtooth voltage from another selected oscillation generator.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO A RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation-in-part of commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 883,581, filed Mar. 6, 1978 and now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Our present invention relates to a synthesizer of composite waveforms.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electronic appliances and servomechanisms frequently require the generation of a waveform comprising a train of oscillations each having a particular shape and frequency and extending in time for a predetermined number of cycles, the composite waveform being well defined as to initial and final phase. For example, servomechanisms for controlling the rotation and eventual positioning of a device such as an aerial or a pointer or reference index usually comprise synchronous motors which drive the load through a step-down transmission and are powered by a rotating magnetic field generated by a pair of waveforms in phase quadrature; it is necessary for the correct operation of such servomechanisms that the quadrature waveforms begin with a definite phase, continue for a certain number of periods and end with another definite phase.

A problem arising in the utilization of composite waveforms of high frequency is the undesired production of transient harmonics upon the passing from one component oscillation to the following one. Sharp transients, occurring upon a sudden change in amplitude, necessitate an overdimensioning of the generating devices as well as of the power circuits coupled thereto, in order to allow for a flow of excess current amounting to possibly ten times the rated capacity. Moreover, the circuits fed by such a wave synthesizer must be protected by filters and buffer capacitors against supply variations which may cause undesired distortions in the transmitted waveform.

Systems presently in use solve the aforestated problems only in part. Thus, for example, conventional synthesizers including computing elements and analog/digital converters for determining the number of cycles of a generated waveform component are incapable of also controlling the initial and final phases of a waveform. Moreover, such devices are complex and have long processing times. Systems of the sample-and-hold type, using a capacitor for determining the point at which a given oscillation must be stopped, offer insufficient operating reliability and do not provide for the determination of the initial phase nor of the number of transmitted cycles of a waveform.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

An important object of our present invention is to provide a waveform synthesizer which minimizes the production of transients.

Another object is to provide reliable means in such a synthesizer for producing a composite waveform with one or more component oscillations of predetermined initial and final phases separated by a preselected number of cycles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A controlled generator of an alternating waveform comprises according to our present invention an oscillator transmitting to a multiplexer a periodic waveform and to an analog comparator a phase-indicating signal in the form of a substantially sawtooth-shaped voltage having the same period as the waveform sent to the multiplexer. A pulse for enabling a logic circuit is generated by the comparator upon detecting an equivalence of the sawtooth-shaped voltage and a predetermined potential supplied by a voltage source, the logic circuit controlling in response to the enabling pulse the switching of the periodic waveform onto an output of the multiplexer, whereby an oscillating voltage having a predetermined initial phase and a predetermined final phase is produced on the multiplexer output.

According to another feature of our invention, the generator further comprises a switching circuit operationally connected to the DC voltage source and to the logic circuit for generating a buffer signal having a form determined by the logic circuit, the switching circuit being linked to the multiplexer for delivering thereto the buffer signal which is switched onto the multiplexer output under the control of the logic circuit for providing the oscillating voltage with a preceding waveform portion and a succeeding waveform portion continuous with the oscillating voltage at either end, respectively. The switching circuit includes an RC subcircuit and a plurality of analog switches for generating an exponential signal transmitted to the multiplexer as part of the buffer signal.

According to a further feature of our invention, the voltage source includes a first manually adjustable potentiometer for controllably changing the level of the potential fed to the comparator, whereby different values may be selected for the initial phase and for the final phase of the output voltage of the multiplexer. A second potentiometer having a variation characteristic similar to a cyclic variation of the periodic waveform produced by the oscillator is operationally linked to an axis of the first potentiometer for varying, in accordance with selected values of the initial phase and final phase of the output voltage of the multiplexer, the level of a DC voltage fed to the switching circuit.

According to yet another feature of our invention, the logic circuit includes a memory for storing instructions in part specifying a plurality of periodic waveforms to be switched by the multiplexer onto its output. The waveforms are produced by a plurality of oscillators which feed to the comparator substantially sawtooth-shaped voltages indicating the phases of respective periodic waveforms, the comparator including an additional multiplexer operationally coupled with the logic circuit for selecting sawtooth-shaped voltages in accordance with the memorized instructions, whereby the comparator generates a train of pulses enabling the logic.

Pursuant to another feature of our invention, the comparator includes a first comparator having a noninverting input receiving from the oscillator the sawtooth-shaped voltage and a second comparator having a noninverting input receiving the potential from the voltage source. The noninverting input of the first comparator is connected to an inverting input of the second comparator, while the noninverting input of the second comparator is connected via a diode to the inverting input of the first comparator for generating a control pulse on a common lead extending from the comparators to the logic circuit.

Pursuant to still another feature of our invention, the logic circuit includes a counter for enabling the cut-off of the periodic waveform from the multiplexer output only upon counting a predetermined number of cycles transmitted onto the output. The generator further comprises a circuit for converting a synchronizing signal from the oscillator into a pulse train for stepping the counter in the logic circuit, the synchronizing signal and the pulse train having the same period as the waveform sent to the multiplexer from the oscillator.

Pursuant to yet a further feature of our invention, the oscillator includes a field-effect transistor connected in a biasing network for producing from a triangular-wave input a sinusoidal oscillation comprising the periodic waveform.

Pursuant to yet another feature of our invention, the comparator may include a potentiometer for adjusting the level of the potential from the voltage source in order to compensate for processing delays in the logic circuit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

These and other features of our invention will now be described in detail, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a controlled waveform synthesizer according to our invention, showing a plurality of oscillators, an analog comparator, a transit network, a voltage source, a control unit, a multiplexer and a trigger circuit;

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an oscillator shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a partial circuit diagram of the analog comparator shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the transit network illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a pair of graphs showing two composite waveforms in phase quadrature with one another produced by the synthesizer illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of the voltage source shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the control unit shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the multiplexer illustrated in FIG. 1;

FIG. 9 is a partial block diagram of the trigger circuit shown in FIG. 1; and

FIG. 10 is a set of graphs showing signal levels on leads within the control unit of FIGS. 1 and 7 and on leads extending between the control unit and the transit network of FIG. 1.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a waveform synthesizer according to our present invention comprises a plurality of oscillators G_(a), G_(b), . . . G_(n) for producing sine waves W_(a), W_(b), . . . W_(n) of different frequencies transmitted to a multiplexer MX on respective output leads forming part of multiples 1_(a), 1_(b), . . . 1_(n). On other leads 2_(a), 2_(b), . . . 2_(n), extending to a trigger circuit CN, oscillators G_(a), G_(b), . . . G_(n) emit synchronizing signals S_(a), S_(b), . . . S_(n) in the form of square waves having the same frequencies as sine waves W_(a), W_(b), . . . W_(n), respectively, while further leads 3_(a), 3_(b), . . . 3_(n) feed an analog comparator CP with sawtooth-shaped signals or ramp voltages P_(a), P_(b), . . . P_(n) whose instantaneous magnitudes correspond unequivocally to the phases of waves W_(a), W_(b), . . . W_(n), respectively. Multiples 1_(a), 1_(b), . . . 1_(n) include additional leads carrying other oscillations of the same frequency as sine waves W_(a), W_(b), . . . W_(n) as described hereinafter with reference to FIG. 2.

Comparator CP, in response to a command received over a multiple 5 from a control unit L, selects a generic ramp voltage P_(i) from one of the leads 3_(a), 3_(b), . . . 3_(n) for comparison with another ramp signal from a second such lead or with a d-c potential V_(r) carried by a lead 6 from a voltage supply PO. Upon detecting an instantaneous equality of the two input voltages under consideration, comparator CP forwards to control unit L via an output lead 7 an enabling signal in the form of a binary pulse subsequently converted by logic circuitry in unit L to an instruction sent to multiplexer MX via a multiple 8 whereby an output lead 51 of the multiplexer, previously connected to a lead of one of the multiples 1_(a), 1_(b), . . . 1_(n), is switched either to another of these multiples or to an output lead 10 of a transit network DO emitting a constant or aperiodically varying voltage as more fully described hereinafter.

In response to a binary signal received from control unit L on a multiple 155, trigger circuit CN selects a synchronizing signal from among the square waves S_(a), S_(b), . . . S_(n) on leads 2_(a), 2_(b), . . . 2_(n) and converts the selected signal into a pulse train of like cadence fed on a lead 4 to control unit L for stepping a cycle counter CT (FIG. 7) therein.

The operation of the waveform synthesizer of FIG. 1 is determined by a number of manual switches SO, PS, SR, ST, SS, PC, PW located on an external control panel and connected to unit L. By manipulating rotary switch SO, an operator selects oscillations from one or more of the generators G_(a) -G_(n) for sequential inclusion in a synthesized waveform to appear on lead 51 and, possibly, a similar waveform in quadrature therewith to appear to a companion lead 51'. Whether the selected oscillations are to be automatically cut off by the control unit L after a certain number of cycles or are to be terminated by the operator's manipulation of pushbutton switch ST is determined by the setting of on-off switch SS. If the cutoff of a particular oscillation is to be automatic, the number of cycles transmitted is preselected by rotary switch PS. Opening on-off switch PC instructs unit L to separate selected oscillations by d-c voltages V_(x) and V_(x) ' fed to multiplexer MX from supply PO via leads 61 and 61', network DO and leads 10 and 10'. Pushbutton switch SR sends a starting signal to unit L; rotary switch PW serves for the selection of any of the wave shapes available on the leads of multiples 1_(a) -1_(n).

Voltage source PO is a manually controlled potentiometric unit supplying the d-c potential V_(r) used by comparator CP as a reference or standard for selecting an initial and a final phase of a multicycle oscillation called forth by the setting of switch SO. Basically, as illustrated in FIG. 6, unit PO comprises a linear potentiometer P₃ for generating potential V_(r) and two other potentiometers P₄, P₄ ' ganged together as indicated at 65. Resistance windings 62 and 62' of potentiometers P₄ and P₄ ' are connected to ground at diametrically opposed contacts 66, 67 and 66', 67', to a positive potential at contacts 68 and 68' and to a negative potential at contacts 69 and 69', winding 62 being bunched in the regions of contacts 68, 69 to provide potentiometer P₄ with a sinusoidal characteristic. Potentiometer P₄ ' with its winding 64' bunched in the regions of contacts 68', 69' has an armature 64' fixed at an angle of 90° with respect to an armature 64 of potentiometer P₄ to provide a sinusoidal characteristic lagging the characteristic of potentiometer P₄ by 90°. Thus, the d-c voltages V_(x), V_(x) ' carried by leads 61, 61' vary in accordance with respective cycles of quadrature sine waves as d-c potential V_(r) is increased from zero to its maximal value by the rotation of an armature 63 of potentiometer P₃ from alignment with a grounded winding terminal 60 to alignment with another terminal 606 connected to a positive potential.

In the case that rotary switch PW is used to select a ramp voltage P_(a) -P_(n) to appear on output lead 51, the d-c potential V_(r) produced by potentiometer P₃ may be tapped for transmission to network DO. Included in voltage source PO is another potentiometer (not shown) having a characteristic varying in accordance with one cycle of a triangular wave, this potentiometer being connected to lead 61 in the event that a triangular wave is selected for emission on lead 51.

Unit L has, besides multiples 5, 8 and 155, three output leads 91, 92, 93 extending to network DO for determining the forms of the aperiodic signals on leads 10, 10', these signals being constant at zero or at the levels of voltages V_(x), V_(x) ' or varying exponentially between zero and V_(x), V_(x) ', respectively. Another output lead 125 feeds analog conparator CP with instructions for monitoring a generic ramp signal P_(i) in relation to d-c potential V_(r) or in relation to another ramp voltage.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, an oscillator G representing any of the oscillators G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n) comprises five operational amplifiers A₁ -A₅, three capacitors C₁ -C₃, five diodes D₁ -D₃, Z₁, Z₂, two transistors T₁ and T₂, a delay circuit LR and 19 resistors R₁ -R₁₈, P₁, resistor P₁ being manually adjustable. A noninverting input of amplifier A₁ is connected to ground via resistor R₂ while a voltage source supplies by means of resistor R₁ a negative potential -V₁ to the inverting output of amplifier A₁, this input also receiving feedback from an output lead 3 through capacitor C₁. Amplifier A₁ acts as an integrator producing a positive ramp voltage P (representing a voltage P_(a), P_(b) . . . P_(n) generated by oscillator G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n)) transmitted by resistor R₃ to the inverting input of amplifier A₂ for comparison with a positive potential +V₂ conducted from an external source to the noninverting input of amplifier A₂. As long as ramp voltage P is less in magnitude than potential V₂, PNP transistor T₁, whose base is connected via resistor R₆ to an output of amplifier A₂ and whose emitter receives potential V₂ on a lead 24, remains nonconductive. When ramp voltage P is equal to potential V₂, the output of amplifier A₂ turns negative, inducing transistor T₁ to conduct potential V₂ through resistor R₇ and a lead 23 to the inverting input of amplifier A₁, whereupon the output of amplifier A₁ is reset to zero. Then amplifier A₂ is also reset to have an output greater than the magnitude of potential V₂, thus returning transistor T₁ to a nonconductive state and starting another cycle in the generation of ramp voltage P. Output lead 3 (representing an output lead 3_(a), 3_(b) . . . 3_(n) associated with oscillator G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n)) is grounded by means of diode D₁ for insuring the positivity of ramp voltage P.

Acting as a voltage comparator, amplifier A₃ receives on its inverting input through resistor R₈ the ramp voltage P and on its noninverting input through resistor R₁₈ the potential V₂ halved by voltage divider R₄, R₅. Amplifier A₃ produces on an output lead 2 (representing a lead 2_(a), 2_(b) . . . 2_(n) associated with oscillator G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n)) a square wave S having a positive value while the voltage level of the inverting input is greater than that of the noninverting input and negative otherwise, square wave S having the same period as ramp voltage P. Resistors R₁₈ and R₉ co-operate in a known way to determine the correct bias of the noninverting input of amplifier A₃.

Clipped into a symmetrical shape by resistor R₁₀ and Zener diodes Z₁, Z₂, square wave S is conducted over potentiometer P₁ to the inverting input of amplifier A₄, this input being also connected in a feedback loop to an output lead 44 by means of resistor R₁₂ and capacitor C₂. Amplifier A₄ is grounded at its noninverting input via resistor R₁₁ and acts as an integrator delivering a triangular wave T through DC-filtering capacitor C₃ to the grounded (over resistor R₁₃) noninverting input of current amplifier A₅.

Connected to an output lead of amplifier A₅ is a conversion network including field-effect transistor T₂ bridged in part by germanium diodes D₂, D₃ and biased by resistors R₁₄ -R₁₇ so as to have a symmetrical bidirectional characteristics similar in an interval about the origin to a sine function. Thus two positive, increasing and decreasing, half periods of the amplified triangular waveform T are converted into a positive half wave of a sinusoid W emitted on an output lead 41, while two negative, decreasing and increasing, half periods of waveform T are converted into a negative half wave of sinusoid W.

Unit LR is a conventional delay line for causing in the sinusoidal signal W received from lead 41 a phase shift of a quarter period to produce on an output lead 45 a second sinusoid W' in phase quadrature with signal W. Leads 41 and 45 together the lead 44 and two additional leads 42, 43 carring square wave S and ramp voltage P, respectively, constitute a multiple 1 extending to multiplexer MX (FIGS. 1 and 8) which is constructed to emit on output 51 any combination of the signals carried by connection 1, including waveform W alone or no signal at all, as determined by control unit L.

As shown in FIG. 3, monitoring circuit CP includes a pair of operational amplifiers A₇, A₈ functioning as comparators having cross-connected inputs for emitting respective square-wave signals generally opposed to one another in polarity, the comparators being biased at their inputs by a negative potential -V₄ via a resistor R₁₉ and at their outputs by a positive potential +V₃ via a resistor R₂₁ and a lead 34. By means of a resistor R₂₀ and a lead 303 a multiplexer MX₄ delivers to the noninverting input of comparator A₈ a ramp voltage selected from among the signals arriving on input lead 3_(a), 3_(b) . . . 3_(n), according to a command sent from unit L on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n) forming paert of multiple 5. A switch RS responding to a signal carried on lead 125 feeds to the noninverting input of comparator A₇ and the inverting input of comparator A₈ either the d-c potential V_(r) arriving on lead 6 from source PO (FIG. 1) or another ramp voltage selected by multiplexer MX₄ in response to command signals emitted by unit L on leads 52_(a), 52_(b) . . . 52_(n) also included in multiple 5, this additional ramp voltage being fed to switch RS via a lead 333. The signal transmitted by switch RS is conducted to the noninverting input of a current amplifier A₆ through a resistor R₂₈ equal to the input impedance of unit A₆. Comparator A.sub. 7 receives the output voltage of current amplifier A₆ directly on a lead 33, while comparator A₈ receives the output voltage slightly diminished in magnitude, owing to a small voltage drop across a diode D₄. This small difference in voltage level between the noninverting input of comparator A₇ and the inverting input of comparator A₈ induces same to change the polarity of its output signal slightly before comparator A₇ changes its output, generating on lead 34 a very brief spike sharpened by passing through an inverter N₁ before emission on lead 7 to control unit L. Thus, if a ramp voltage from one of the oscillators G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n) is being monitored in relation to the d-c potential from voltage source PO, a well-gauged control pulse is emitted on lead 7 immediately prior to the instant at which the compared signals are equal. The time at which the control pulse is emitted may be advanced, in order to compensate for processing delays in the control unit, by manually adjusting a potentiometric unit P₂ linking line 6 to switch RS. Unit P₂ comprises n axially ganged (as symbolized by two dashed lines 55) potentiometers P_(2a), P_(2b) . . . P_(2n) having linear characteristics with slopes proportional to the frequencies of the output waveforms of oscillators G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n), respectively. Output voltages of potentiometers P_(2a), P_(2b) . . . P_(2n) are selectively delivered to switch RS by a multiplexer MX₃ under the control of the signals present on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n). A capcitor C₄ is linked in parallel to unit P₂ for filtering to ground any spurious AC components in the signal arriving on lead 6.

In FIG. 4 we have shown network DO as comprising three analog gates S₁, S₂, S₃ which are opened or closed according to the values of binary signals present on respective leads 91, 92, 93. The transit network DO further includes a first RC subcircuit with resistor elements R₂₂ and R₂₃ and a capacitor C₅ for generating a first exponential voltage transmitted on lead 10 to multiplexer MX (FIGS. 1 and 8) and a second RC subcircuit with resistors R₂₂ ' and R₂₃ ' and a capacitor C₅ ' for generating a second exponential voltage transmitted on lead 10' to multiplexer MX. If all three gates S₁, S₂, S₃ are initially closed for a time interval long enough to discharge capacitors C₅, C₅ ', then exponential signals increasing or decreasing from zero, depending on whether the d-c voltages V_(x), V_(x) ' on lines 61, 61' are positive or negative, will be produced on lines 10, 10' upon the opening of gates S₂ and S₃ (gate S₁ remaining closed). On the other hand, if all three gates are initially open for a time interval long enough to charge capacitors C₅, C₅ ' to the levels of voltages V_(x), V_(x) ', respectively, then exponential signals decreasing or increasing from the potentials of lines 61, 61', again depending on whether lines 61, 61' are positive or negative, will be produced on output leads 10, 10' upon the closure of gates S₁ and S₂ (gate S₃ remaining open). Thus, by properly controlling the gates, unit L may gradually vary the outputs of network DO between zero and the values of the voltage V_(x), V_(x) ', the rate of output-voltage change being predetermined by the time constants of RC subcircuits R₂₂, R₂₃, C₅ and R₂₂ ', R₂₃ ', C₅ '.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, control unit L comprises a memory MM temporarily storing commands generated upon manipulation of switches SO, PW, PS and converted into binary pulse trains by 3m encoders EN₁, EN₂ . . . EN_(m), EC₁, EC₂ . . . EC_(m), ED₁, ED₂ . . . ED_(m). Switch SO includes m rotary switches each with n poles connected to a respective encoder EN₁, EN₂ . . . EN_(m) (n, the number of waveform oscillators G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n), is generally unequal to m), while switch PW has m rotary switches each having five bank contacts or poles linked to a respective encoder EC₁, EC₂ . . . EC_(m), thereby providing for the selection of a waveform shape from among five possible outputs of oscillators G_(a), G_(b), . . . G_(n). The numbers of poles of rotary subunits of switch PS determine the maximum number of cycles of waveforms that can be selected by switches SO and PW for transmission to the output of the waveform synthesizer of FIG. 1. The command instructions fed to memory MM by encoders EN₁, EN₂ . . . EN_(m) are read under the control of an address unit AU onto an output lead 70 extending to a decoder DD₁ and to a pair of buffer registers BR₁ and BR₂, register BR₁ having an output lead 71 working into a second decoder DD₂ and a third buffer register BR₃ ; and register BR₂ has an output lead 72 feeding yet another decoder DD₃. The instructions fed into memory MM by encoders EC₁, EC₂ . . . EC_(m) are read under the control of address unit AU onto a lead 73 which forms a second input of register BR₂, while the instructions loaded into the memory by encoders ED₁, ED₂ . . . ED_(m) are emitted under the conrol of unit AU onto a lead 74 extending to a fourth buffer register BR₄, this register applying its contents via a multiple lead 75 to an input of a multiple-stage binary comparator B₁. Comparator B₁ receives on another multiple input 76, from a counter CT, binary signals specifying the number of cycles of a waveform transmitted onto output lead 51 of multiplexer MX (FIG. 1). Upon detecting a positive comparison between the signals present on leads 75 and 76, comparator B₁ forwards a signal of logic level "1" through an OR gate O₁ to a pair of flip-flops FF₁ and FF₂. Flip-flop FF₂ has an output lead 77 extending to a logic circuit LL which is provided with two further input leads 78, 79 extending from a timer circuit TM. Lead 78 forms an input for a pair of binary comparators B₂, B₃ and a pair of AND gates N₂, N₄, comparators B₂, B₃ having second inputs fed by leads 79, 77, respectively. A third comparator B₄ with input leads 77, 79 works, together with comparators B₂, B₃, into a NAND gate N₅ whose output lead 92 extends to transit network DO (FIGS 1 and 4). AND gate N₂ has a second input connected to lead 77 and a negated third input connected to lead 79, while AND gate N₄ has a second input fed by a NAND gate N₃ having a first input linked to lead 77 and a negated second input linked to lead 79. Output leads of AND gates N₂, N₄ constitute lines 91, 93 extending to network DO from unit L for controlling the opening and closing of gates S₁, S₃ (FIG. 4).

Timer TM (FIG. 7) includes a clock-pulse generator PG stepping three binary counters CC₁, CC₂, CC₃ via respective AND gates N₆, N₇, N₈ each provided with a negated input connected to an output lead of the associated counter for blocking the stepping pulses from generator PG upon the reaching of the predetermined counter level by the counter. Thus, lead 78 tied to the output of counter CC₁ is connected to the negated input of AND gate N₆, while lead 79 extending from an output of counter CC₃ is connected to the negated input of AND gate N₈ which has a third input coupled with an OR gate O₂ for blocking the stepping of counter CC₃ until a last set of coded commands have been read from memory MM, as explained in detail hereinafter. Counter CC₂ has an output lead 80 working into an OR gate O₃ and into a flip-flop FF₃, OR gate O₃ stepping address unit AU whereas flip-flop FF₃ feeds the negated input of AND gate N₇. Counters CC₁, CC₂, CC₃ and flip-flop FF₃ have respective reset inputs 81, 82, 83, 84 activated by pushbutton switch SR, a resetting input of counter CC₂ being also energized by the signal present on lead 80.

OR gate O₂ receives input signals from a flip-flop FF₄ and an AND gate N₉, this gate in turn having a negated input connected to on-off switch PC and a second input connected to a lead 85 extending from a multiple-stage binary comparator B₅ having one input grounded and another input linked to lead 70 for producing a signal of logic level "1" on lead 85 upon detecting a zero output from memory MM. Comparator B₅ is actuated by address unit AU via a lead 86. Flip-flop FF₄ is set by a signal present at the output of an AND gate N₁₀ which has an input coupled with lead 85 and another input coupled with lead 7 (see FIGS. 1 and 3); flip-flop FF₄ is reset along with address unit AU by closing pushbutton switch SR. Lead 85 also extends to register BR₃ for inducing the reading of the register's contents onto a lead 87 working into decoder DD₁. An AND gate N₁₁ having one input coupled with an output of flip-flop FF₁ and another input connected to lead 7 has an output lead 88 extending to OR gate O₃ for stepping address unit AU and to buffer register BR₁ for reading the contents thereof onto lead 71. Lead 88 is also connected to reset inputs of flip-flop FF₁ and counter CT and to a reset input of a flip-flop FF₅ whose output works into an enabling input of counter CT. Flip-flop FF₅ is set by a signal transmitted from an AND gate N₁₂ provided with a pair of inputs energized by a pulse on lead 7 and by a signal of logic level "1" generated upon the closing of switch SS, respectively, switch SS also being linked to a negated input of yet another AND gate N₁₃ having a second input activated by pushbutton ST and having an output lead extending to OR gate O₁.

Lead 88 is connected to a setting input of a flip-flop FF₆ having an output lead 89 extending to an AND gate N₁₄ which has a negated second input linked to lead 85 and a third input energized by closing on-off switch PC. The output voltage of AND gate N₁₄ is transmitted onto lead 125 extending to analog comparator CP for controlling switch RS (FIG. 3). Another AND gate N₁₅ with a negated input energizable by switch PC and another input coupled with lead 88 works into a pair of OR gates O₄, O₅ connected at their outputs to a resetting input and to an enabling input, respectively, of buffer register BR₂. OR gate O₅ is linked at an input to lead 7, while both OR gates O₄ and O₅ have inputs activated by a start command from switch SR, this command also being fed to resetting inputs of flip-flops FF₂, FF₄, FF₆ and to a resetting input of address unit AU.

Output leads 51a, 51b . . . 51_(n) from decoder DD₁ and leads 52_(a), 52_(b) . . . 52_(n) from decoder DD₂ extend in multiple 5 from control unit L to multiplexers MX₃ and MX₄ in monitoring circuit CP (FIG. 3). Output line 8 is a multiple including submultiples 8_(a), 8_(b) . . . 8_(n) and leads 8', 8_(a) ' . . . 8_(n) ' which work into subunits of multiplexer MX (FIG. 1), as explained in detail hereinafter. Leads 51a, 51_(b) . . . 51_(n) branch within control unit L to form multiple 155 extending to trigger circuit CN (FIG. 1).

As illustrated in detail in FIG. 8, multiplexer MX includes two multiplexing units MX₁ and MX₂ with output leads 51 and 51' respectively. Multiplexer MX₁ receives from oscillators G_(a), G_(b) . . . G_(n) on leads 101_(a), 101_(b) . . . 101_(n) sawtooth voltages, on leads 201_(a), 201_(b) . . . 201_(n) triangular waveforms, on leads 301_(a), 301_(b) . . . 301_(n) sinusoidal voltages and on leads 401_(a), 401_(b), 401_(n) square waves, switched onto output 51 in response to instructions transmitted via multiples 8_(a), 8_(b) . . . 8_(n). Generic leads 101_(j), 201_(j), 301_(j), 401_(j) constitute a multiple 1_(j) (not illustrated specifically) and carry oscillating voltages of the same frequency generally different from the frequencies carried by multiples extending from other oscillators. Multiplexer MX₂ receives on leads 501_(a), 501_(b) . . . 501_(n) sinusoidal voltages in phase quadrature with the signals carried by leads 301_(a), 301_(b) . . . 301_(n), respectively, the sinusoidal voltages on leads 501_(a), 501_(b) . . . 501_(n) being switched onto output 51' under the control of signals fed to multiplexer MX₂ on leads 8_(a) ', 8_(b) ', . . . 8_(n) '. Multiplexers MX₁, MX₂ receive from transit network DO aperiodic voltages on leads 10, 10' selectively connected to outputs 51, 51' as determined by an instruction carried by lead 8'. A pushbutton switch M, also illustrated in FIG. 1, is connected to both multiplexers MX₁, MX₂ for feeding thereto a "reset" command prior to the beginning of waveform synthesis.

In FIG. 9 we have shown details of trigger dircuit CN. Under the control of logic pulses arriving on multiple 155, a multiplexer MX₅ transmits onto an output lead 36 a synchronizing signal selected from input leads 2_(a), 2_(b) . . . 2_(n). Lead 36 is linked via a filtering capacitor C₆ and a resistor R₂₄ to the noninverting input of an operational amplifier A₉ whose inverting input is connected to output lead 4 via a capacitor C₇ in parallel with a resistor R₂₅. Amplifier A₉ acts as a differentiator converting a selected square-wave synchronizing signal into a logic-pulse train carried on lead 4 to counter CT (FIG. 7).

It will now be convenient, in describing the operation of a controlled waveform generator according to our invention, to refer to the time diagram of FIG. 5 showing in a first graph I a sample composite waveform which may be emitted on output lead 51. The composite waveform of graph I includes a first sine wave g_(a) extending for an integral number of periods K_(a) between two time instants t₃ and t₄ to continue for a portion of a cycle to a time t₅ when a second sine wave g_(b) begins, having an amplitude equal to that of sine wave g_(a) and extending for approximately a half cycle more than an integral number of periods K_(b) to an instant in time t₆. Between time t₆ and a time t₇, sine wave g_(b) is succeeded by a constant waveform portion a₃ having a magnitude V_(x), while between time t₇ and a time t₈ the output voltage drops in an exponental decay b₂ with a time constant RC₂ to a zero-valued constant portion a₄ extending from time t₈ onward. A waveform portion preceding sine wave g_(a) includes another zero-valued constant function a₁ extending from an initial instant t₀ to a time t₁ when an exponentially increasing wave segment b₁ having a time constant RC₁ starts climbing to substantially reach the level V_(x) at a times t₂. Between time t₂ and t₃ is a V_(x) -valued constant function a₂ continuous on one end with exponential curve b₁ and on another end with sine wave g_(a).

A second graph II of FIG. 5 shows a second composite waveform emitted under the control of unit L on output lead 51' of multiplexer MX substantially in phase quadrature with the waveform of graph I emitted on output lead 51. The waveform of graph II begins with a zero-valued constant segment a₁ ' between instants t₀ and t₁ followed by an exponentially decreasing voltage b₁ ' during interval t₁ -t₂ and a V_(x) '-valued constant voltage a₂ ' between times t₂ and t₃. A first sinusoidal oscillation g_(a) ' lagging sine wave g_(a) by 90° is continuous at time t₃ with constant voltage a₂ ' and at time t₅ with a second sinusoidal oscillation g_(b) ' which lags sine wave g_(b) by 90° and is followed between times t₆ and t₇ by a single-valued voltage segment a₃ ' in turn succeeded between times t₇ and t₈ by an exponentially decreasing waveform portion b₂ ' and from time t₈ by another zero-valued function a₄ '. The exponential voltages b₁ ' and b₂ ' vary according to respective time constants RC₃ and RC₄ predetermined by the parameters of RC subcircuit R₂₂ ', R₂₃ ', C₅ ' (FIG. 4).

The quadrature waveforms of FIG. 5 may be used to control the rotation, by means of synchronous motors and a step-down transmission, of a radar antenna having a definite fixed orientation during interval t₂ -t₃, which has a length sufficient for the emission of microwave radiation. In response to the quadrature waveforms from multiplexer MX (FIG. 1), the antenna scans during interval t₃ -t₅ a portion of the sky and/or earth surface at a first rate of rotation and then during interval t₅ -t₆ another portion of the sky and/or earth surface at a faster second rate of rotation. Between times T₆ and t₇ the antenna has another fixed orientation determined by the radar operator.

To produce the composite waveforms of FIG. 5 the synthesizer illustrated in FIG. 1 is first preset by properly manipulating console switches SO, SS, PS, PW, and PC and by adjusting the potentiometers P₃, P₄, P₄ ' of voltage source PO (FIG. 6). Encoders EN₁, EN₂ are used to write in memory MM (see FIG. 7) the location codes of oscillators G_(a) and G_(b), respectively, which generate quadrature sine waves W_(a), W_(a) ' and W_(b), W_(b) ' with frequencies equal to sine-wave segments g_(a), g_(a) ' and g_(b), g_(b) ', the beginning phases and associated voltage levels of sine waves g_(a), g_(a) ' being determined by the adjustment of the d-c output voltages of source PO. Particular wave shapes are selected from among five output waveforms of each oscillator G_(a), G_(b) by manipulating the rotary switches PW connected to encoders EC₁, EC₂ ; units EC₁, EC₂ write in memory MM two sets of digital pulses coding the selection of quadrature sine waves W_(a), W_(a) ' and W_(b), W_(b) ' from among sawtooth volages, triangular waveforms, quadrature sine waves, single sine waves, and square waves (see FIGS. 2 and 8). The numbers of periods K_(a) and K_(b) of waveforms W_(a), W_(a) ' and W_(b), W_(b) ' to be emitted on the output leads of multiplexer MX (FIGS. 1 and 8) are loaded into memory MM by encoders ED₁ and ED₂, respectively, upon manipulation of rotary switches PS. Switch SS is closed, for automatic stop, delivering to associated inputs of AND gates N₁₂ and N₁₃ (FIG. 7) signals of logic levels "1" and "0", respectively (since gate N₁₃ has a negated input fed by switch SS); switch PC is closed, determining the transitions from sine wave g_(a) to sine wave g_(b) and from sinusoidal voltage g_(a) ' to sinusoidal voltage g_(b) 'without intervening constant voltages, applying to AND gates N₉, N₁₄, N₁₅ (FIG. 7) signals of logic levels "0", "1", "0", respectively (the inputs of gates N₉ and N₁₅ fed by switch PC being negated). A further command is applied by means of pushbutton switch M (FIGS. 1 and 8) to multiplexer MX for switching output leads 51, 51' to the voltage levels present on leads 10, 10', these levels being initially zero.

Unit L commences operations upon the temporary closure of switch SR at time t₀ ; this command resets counters CC₁, CC₂, CC₃ and flip-flop FF₃ of timer TM, producing on leads 78, 79, 80 signals of logic level "0", and also resets flip-flops FF₂, FF₄, FF₆ and address unit AU, producing at the output of flip-flop FF₄ and at the outputs of flip-flops FF₂, FF₆ on leads 77, 89 signals of logic level "0". The signal on lead 89 ensures a zero-level signal on lead 125, which in turn causes switch RS to connect amplifier A₆ to multiplexer MX₃ (FIG. 3) rather than to multiplexer MX₄. The signals on leads 77,78, 79 determine collectively the signals on leads 91, 92, 93; between time t₀ and time t₁ the signals transmitted on leads 91, 92, 93 to switching unit DO keep gates S₁, S₂, S₃ (FIG. 4) closed and lines 10, 10' at a zero voltage level. Command SR also resets via OR gate O₄ the buffer register BR₂ and reads, via enabling gate O₅, the contents of register BR₂ onto lead 72, the outputs of decoder DD₃ becoming zero except for the output of lead 8', thereby ensuring the switching in multiplexer MX of output leads 51 and 51' to lines 10 and 10', respectively (command SR repeats, as a check, the function of command M).

After counting a predetermined number of clock pulses, counter CC₁ generates at time t₁ a signal level "1" on lead 78, as indicated in a graph a of FIG. 10. This signal is fed back to the negated input of AND gate N₆, blocking further clock pulses from stepping the counter; the output of counter CC₁ remains at the high logic level until switch SR is closed again. With the change in signal level on lead 78, the outputs of AND gate N₄ and NAND gate N₅ change to logic level "1", thereby opening gates S₂ and S₃ and generating on leads 10, 10' (and outputs 51, 51') the exponential voltages b₁, b₁ ' which increase and decrease, respectively, during the interval t₁ -t₂ to the levels of voltages V_(x) and V_(x) ' present on leads 61, 61' (FIGS. 1 and 4).

At a predetermined instant between times t₂ and t₃, counter CC₂ emits on lead 80 a pulse which sets flip-flop FF₃ blocking via AND gate N₇ further stepping pulses from generator PG, and which advances address unit AU to read onto leads 70, 73, 74 from memory MM the command instructions loaded thereinto by encoders EN₁, EC₁, ED₁, respectively. The instruction coding the location of oscillator G_(a) is fed via lead 70 into buffer registers BR₁, BR₂ and to decoder DD₁ whose subsequent output on leads 51_(a), 51_(b). . . 51_(n) induces the transmission of ramp voltage P_(a) from lead 3_(a) to lead 303 (FIG. 3) for comparison by amplifiers A₇, A₈ with the d-c potential V_(r) decreased slightly in value by potentiometer P₂ and delivered to switch RS by multiplexer MX₃, as determined by the signals on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n). The command instruction coding quadrature sine waves (instead of sawtooth, triangular single sinusoidal, or square wave) is loaded via lead 73 into buffer register BR₂ for subsequent feeding to decoder DD₃ along with the location of oscillator G_(a). A binary pulse train coding the number of cycles K_(a) is loaded into register BR₄ from lead 74 for comparison in multistage binary comparator B₁ with the outputs of the stages of cycle counter CT, this counter receiving on lead 4 a stepping pulse train generated by differentiating amplifier A₉ (FIG. 9) from synchronizing signal S_(a) selected by multiplexer MX₅ from among the input voltages on lines 2_(a), 2_(b). . . 2_(n) in accordance with the signals transmitted from decoder DD₁ on multiple 155.

Upon detecting an equivalence of the signals received on lines 6 and 3_(a), analog comparator CP forwards to control unit L on lead 7 a pulse enabling the reading of the contents of buffer register BR₂ to decoder DD₃ which consequently induces multiplexers MX₁, MX₂ (FIG. 8) to switch at time t₄ outputs 51, 51' from the aperiodic signals present on leads 10, 10' to the quadrature sine waves W_(a), W_(a) ' present on multiple l_(a). The enabling pulse emitted by comparator CP also sets flip-flop FF₅ via AND gate N₁₂ (command from switch SS having logic level "1"), the output signal of the flip-flop in turn enabling counter CT to be stepped by the pulses on lead 4. Upon the counting of K_(a) cycles by counter CT, comparator B₁ emits a signal setting flip-flops FF₁ and FF₂, the resultant change in the voltage level of lead 77 causing by means of circuit LL changes in the logic levels of the signals on lead 91 and 93; at a time immediately prior to instant t₄, as indicated in a graph d of FIG. 10, lead 91 changes its signal from a logic level "0" to a logic level "1", while the level on lead 93 changes from "1" to "0", as indicated in graph f of FIG. 10. Thus with the change in voltage of lead 77, as indicated by a graph b of FIG. 10, gates S₁ and S₃ become open and closed, respectively, and gate S₂ remains open (since the logic level of the signal on lead 92 remains "1", as indicated in a graph e of FIG. 10).

The "set" output of flip-flop FF₁ enables AND gate N₁₁ to emit a pulse on lead 88 upon receiving a pulse on lead 7 from analog comparator CP. The pulse emitted by AND gate N₁₁ simultaneously resets flip-flops FF₁, FF₅ and counter CT, sets flip-flop FF₆, reads the contents of buffer register BR₁ onto lead 71 for series/parallel conversion by decoder DD₂ and advances address unit AU to read onto leads 70, 73, 74 from memory MM the command instructions loaded thereinto by encoders EN₂, EC₂ ED₂, respectively. A signal of logic level "1" on lead 89 produced by flip-flop FF₆ in response to the pulse from AND gate N₁₁ enables AND gate N₁₄ to change its output voltage on lead 125 from zero to a positive value, inducing switch RS (FIG. 3) to connect amplifier A₆ to multiplexer MX₄ whose output lead 333 carries ramp voltage P_(a), as determined by the signals received by multiplexer MX₄ from decoder DD₂ on leads 52_(a), 52_(b) . . . 52_(n) (see FIG. 7). Substantially at the same time that lead 333 is connected to lead 3_(a), multiplexer MX₄ switches onto lead 303, in response to signals received from decoder DD₁ (FIG. 7) on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n), the ramp voltage P_(b) present on lead 3_(b). The signals on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n) also induce multiplexer MX₅ (FIG. 9) to switch onto output lead 36 the square wave S_(b) for conversion by differentiator A₉ into a stepping pulse train fed to counter CT on lead 4. Register BR₁ now contains the location code of oscillator G_(b), while register BR₂ contains the command instructions specifying the quadrature sine waves W_(b), W_(b) ' of oscillator G_(b) ; register BR₄ holds binary instructions coding the number of cycles K_(b).

Upon detecting a coincidence of the ramp voltages P_(a), P_(b), analog comparator CP forwards to control unit L a pulse enabling the stepping of counter CT by the pulse train present on lead 4 and the reading of the contents of register BR₂ to decoder DD₃ whose consequent output signals on multiple 8 switch in multiplexers MX₁, MX₂ the signals on leads 51, 51' from quadrature sine waves W_(a), W_(a) ' to the quadrature sine waves W_(b), W_(b) '. Upon the counting of K_(b) cycles by unit CT, multistage comparator B₁ once again transmits a logic pulse to flip-flop FF₁ through OR gate O₁, setting the flip-flop, thereby enabling AND gate N₁₁ to generate on lead 88 a logic pulse upon receiving an enabling pulse from comparator CP on lead 7. The pulse produced on lead 88 resets flip-flops FF₁, FF₅ and cycle counter CT, reads the contents of register BR₁ into register BR₃, and advances address unit AU to read onto leads 70, 73, 74 from memory MM zero-level signals indicating that the last command instructions have just been executed,these zero-level instructions being loaded into buffer registers BR₁, BR₂ and fed on lead 70 to multistage binary comparator B₅ which emits on lead 85 a signal of logic level "1" upon detecting on lead 70 a zero-level signal. Comparator B₅ is enabled by a pulse generated on lead 86 by address unit AU concurrently with a reading signal fed to memory MM, whereby comparator B₅ monitors in relation to ground each oscillator location code read from memory MM on lead 70.

The signal of logic level "1" produced on lead 85 by comparator B₅ and fed to the negated input of AND gate N₁₄ changes the voltage level on lead 125 from positive to zero (i.e. from logic level "1" to logic level "0"), thereby operating on switch RS to connect amplifier A₆ (FIG. 3) to multiplexer MX₃. The signal of logic level of "1" on lead 85 also reads the contents of register BR₃, i.e the location code of oscillator G_(b), onto lead 87 and thus to decoder DD₁ whose output signals on leads 51_(a), 51_(b) . . . 51_(n) ensure the continued connection in analog comparator CP of lead 3_(b) to lead 303. Upon detecting a coincidence of the ramp signal P_(b) on lead 3_(b) and a d-c potential on lead 6 (this potential having been changed by an operator prior to time t₆ from the level existing at time t₃), comparator CP forwards on lead 7 to control unit L a pulse enabling the reading of the contents of register BR₂ to decoder DD₃, whic generates on its output lead 8' at time t₆ a signal switching output leads 51, 51' of multiplexer MX to leads 10, 10'. The pulse from comparator CP also sets, via AND gate N₁₀, flip-flop FF₄ whose output signal of logic level "1" enables, via OR gate O₂ and AND gate N₈, the stepping of counter CC₃ by clock pulses from generator PG. After a time interval t₆ -t₇, long enough for the performance of desired measurements by an operator, counter CC₃ generates on lead 79 a signal of logic level "1", as indicated in a graph c of FIG. 10, thereby changing the voltage levels on lead 91, 92, 93, as indicated in graphs d, e, f of FIG. 10, respectively. Consequently, gates S₁, S₂ become closed and gate S₃ opens producing on leads 51, 51' the decaying exponentials b₁, b₁ ' which after an interval t₇ -t₈ determined by time constants RC₂ and RC₄ are reduced to zero.

It will be noted that the initial and the final phases of the composite waveforms I and II, that is, the initial phases of sine waves g_(a), g_(a) ' and the final phase of sine waves g_(b), g_(b) ', have been completely determined in accordance with the d-c potential V_(r) produced by source PO under the control of the operator. It will also be noted that waveform portions g_(a), g_(b) and g_(a) ', g_(b) ' have been conveyed to output leads 51, 51' without undergoing any possibly distorting operations such as those for cycle counting or phase locking.

We shall now describe particular operations of a generator according to our invention with reference to other possible combinations of commands SS and PC. If command PC is selected for interleaving with constant d-c voltages the waveforms selected according to commands SO and PW (PC=0), the buffer register BR₂ is reset and enabled by a signal emitted from AND gate N₁₅ through OR gates O₄ and O₅ in response to a signal generated on lead 88 by AND gate N₁₁. Gate N₁₁ is enabled by the "set" output of flip-flop FF₁ to produce a pulse of lead 88 upon receiving a pulse from comparator CP on lead 7, flip-flop FF₁ in turn being set by a signal from comparator B₁ in the case of automatic stop (SS=1) or from AND gate N₁₃ in the case of manual stop (SS=0). The pulse setting flip-flop FF₁ in the case of manual stop is fed to AND gate N₁₃ according to pushbutton command ST.

In the case of command PC being set at logic level "0" (the switches shown in FIGS. 1 and 7 for command PC being open), the resetting of register BR₂ by the signal from AND gate N₁₅ and, substantially simultaneous therewith, the reading of the reset contents of this register to decoder DD₃ effect the connecting in multiplexer MX of outputs 51, 51' to lines 10, 10', terminating the conduction of any oscillator waveform component to outputs 51, 51'. Thus, a sequence of waveforms W₁, W₂ . . . W_(m) from oscillators G₁, G₂ . . . G_(m), selected according to commands SO and PW, will be interleaved at the output of multiplexer MX with d-c voltages delivered to transit network DO from voltage source PO according to the setting of potentiometers P₃, P₄, P₄ ' by an operator. Substantially simultaneous with the termination of waveform W_(m), a signal of logic level "1" generated by comparator B₅ upon a reading of memory MM by address unit AU is fed via AND gate N₉ (enabled at its negated input by command PC) and OR gate O₂ to AND gate N₈, thereby enabling the stepping of counter CC₃ by clock pulses from generator PG. After counting a predetermined number of pulses, unit CC₃ emits on lead 79 a signal of logic level "1" fed back to the negated input of AND gate N₈, blocking further stepping pulses from reaching counter CC₃. As heretofore described with reference to the synthesis of the composite waveforms of FIG. 5, the change in signal level of lead 79 induces via logic subcircuit LL the closing of gates S₁ and S₂ and the opening of gate S₃ in transit network DO, producing on leads 10, 10' a pair of signals varying exponentially according to RC time constants determined by the elements of the transit network.

Upon the completion of synthesis of any composite waveform by the signal generator according to our invention, control unit L may be reset by clearing memory MM with a command PS'(FIG. 7); by loading the memory with oscillator-location instructions coded by units EN₁, EN₂ . . . EN_(m) in accordance with command SO, with waveform-shape specifications coded by units EC₁, EC₂ . . . EC_(m) in accordance with command PW, and with numbers of cycles for successive waveform components coded by units ED₁, ED₂ . . . ED_(m) in accordance with command PS; and by actuating pushbutton command SR, resetting counters CC₁, CC₂, CC₃, flip-flops FF₂, FF₃, FF₄, FF₆ and address unit AU and ensuring via buffer register BR₂ and decoder DD₃ the connection in multiplexer MX of lead 51 to lead 10'.

It will be observed that potentiometers P_(2a) -P_(2n) shown in FIG. 3, ganged for simultaneously adjusting the level of potential V_(r) by amounts proportional to the frequencies of oscillators G_(a) -G_(n), may be reduced in number if at least two oscillators G_(a) -G_(n) generate output waveforms of equal frequency. If at least some of the oscillators emit periodic waveforms of different frequencies, potentiometric unit P₂ will include a plurality of potentiometers respectively assigned to the different frequencies. 

We claim:
 1. A controlled generator of an alternating waveform, comprising:oscillator means for producing a periodic waveform together with a phase-indicating signal in the form of a substantially sawtooth-shaped voltage having the same period as said periodic waveform; a multiplexer having at least one output, said multiplexer being operationally connected to said oscillator means for selectively switching said waveform onto said output; a voltage source for supplying a predetermined potential; comparator means operationally linked to said oscillator means and to said source for generating an enabling pulse upon detecting an equivalence of said potential and said sawtooth-shaped voltage; and a logic circuit operationally coupled with said comparator means and with said multiplexer for controlling same in response to said enabling pulse, producing on said output an oscillating voltage having a predetermined initial phase and a predetermined final phase.
 2. A generator as defined in claim 1, further comprising a switching circuit connected to said logic circuit and to said source for generating a buffer signal having a form determined by said logic circuit, said multiplexer being operationally linked to said switching circuit for receiving said buffer signal therefrom for intermittent transmission onto said output under the control of said logic circuit, whereby said oscillating voltage is provided with a preceding waveform portion and a succeeding waveform portion continuous with said oscillating voltage at either end, respectively.
 3. A generator as defined in claim 2 wherein said switching circuit includes an RC subcircuit and a plurality of analog switches for generating an exponential signal transmitted to said multiplexer as part of said buffer signal.
 4. A generator as defined in claim 2 or 3 wherein said source includes a first manually adjustable potentiometer for controllably changing the level of said potential, thereby selecting values of said initial phase and said final phase, and a second potentiometer having a variation characteristic similar to a cyclic variation of said periodic waveform, said second potentiometer being operationally linked to said first potentiometer for varying in accordance with selected values of said initial phase and said final phase the level of a DC voltage fed to said switching circuit.
 5. A generator as defined in claim 1 wherein said comparator means includes a first comparator and a second comparator interconnected at a noninverting input and an inverting input, respectively, for receiving the same sawtooth-shaped voltage from said oscillator means, said first comparator having an inverting input receiving said potential via a diode and said second comparator having a noninverting input receiving said potential, said comparators having a common output lead connected to said logic circuit for transmitting an enabling pulse thereto upon coincidence of said potential and such sawtooth-shaped voltage.
 6. A generator as defined in claim 1 wherein said logic circuit includes a counter for disabling transmission of a periodic waveform onto said output only upon counting a predetermined number of transmitted cycles of such periodic waveform, further comprising a conversion circuit operationally linked to said oscillator means for receiving therefrom a synchronizing signal having the same period as such periodic waveform and to said logic circuit for stepping said counter in response to said synchronizing signal.
 7. A generator as defined in claim 1, 2, 5 or 6 wherein said oscillator means includes a plurality of oscillators operationally connected to said multiplexer for delivering thereto respective periodic waveforms to be selectively switched onto said output under the control of said logic circuit, said oscillators being operationally linked to said comparator means for feeding thereto substantially sawtooth-shaped voltages respectively indicating the phases of said periodic waveforms, said logic circuit including a memory for storing instructions in part specifying a plurality of said periodic waveforms to be transmitted by said multiplexer onto said output for forming said oscillating voltage, said comparator means including an additional multiplexer operationally coupled with said logic circuit for selecting sawtooth-shaped voltages in accordance with said instructions, whereby said comparator means generates a train of pulses enabling said logic circuit.
 8. A generator defined in claim 7 wherein at least some of the periodic waveforms emitted by said oscillators have different frequencies, said sawtooth-shaped voltages having the same frequencies as the respective periodic waveforms, further comprising a plurality of potentiometers respectively assigned to said different frequencies and ganged for simultaneous adjustment upon manipulation, said potentiometers being connected to said source for adjusting the level of said potential by amounts proportional to said different frequencies to compensate processing delays in said logic circuit; said comparator means including switchover means connected to said potentiometers and to said logic circuit for selecting, under the control thereof and for comparison with a sawtooth-shaped voltage selected by said additional multiplexer, an output voltage of a potentiometer assigned to the frequency of the selected sawtooth-shaped voltage.
 9. A generator as defined in claim 1, 2, 5 or 6 wherein said oscillator means includes a field-effect transistor connected in a biasing network for producing from a triangular wave a sinusoidal oscillation having a periodic waveform.
 10. A generator as defined in claim 1, 2, 5 or 6, further comprising a potentiometer connected to said source and said comparator means for adjusting the level of said potential. 